上次讲了Java中继承的基本概念和理论知识。这次就来结合具体事例来讲解一下。就来看一个具体例子:
import java.util.*;
public class ManagerTest
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Manager boss = new Manager(”Carl Cracker”, 80000, 1987, 12, 15);
boss.setBonus(5000);
Employee[] staff = new Employee[3];
staff[0] = boss;
staff[1] = new Employee(”Harry Hacker”, 50000, 1989, 10, 1);
staff[2] = new Employee(”Tommy Tester”, 40000, 1990, 3, 15);
for (Employee e : staff)
System.out.println(”name=” + e.getName()
+ “,salary=” + e.getSalary());
}
}
class Employee
{
public Employee(String n, double s, int year, int month, int day)
{
name = n;
salary = s;
GregorianCalendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar(year, month – 1, day);
hireDay = calendar.getTime();
}
public String getName()
{
return name;
}
public double getSalary()
{
return salary;
}
public Date getHireDay()
{
return hireDay;
}
public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
{
double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
salary += raise;
}
private String name;
private double salary;
private Date hireDay;
}
class Manager extends Employee
{
public Manager(String n, double s, int year, int month, int day)
{
super(n, s, year, month, day);
bonus = 0;
}
public double getSalary()
{
double baseSalary = super.getSalary();
return baseSalary + bonus;
}
public void setBonus(double b)
{
bonus = b;
}
private double bonus;
}
(摘自《Java2核心技术》)
Manager是Employee的一员,因此可以扩展Employee类。但是Manager又和普通的Employee有些不同,包括Salary(薪金)。因此就需要重新覆盖Manager类中的getSalary方法。看起来比较简单,只要返回salary和bonus就可以了,就如这样:
public double getSalary(){
return salary+bonus;
}
但是编译运行之后就会发现这根本不起效果。原因在于虽然每个Manager对象都有一个名为salary的域,但是在Manager类中病不能直接访问私有的salary域,只有Employee类的方法才能够访问其私有的部分。但是Manager域可以通过公有的接口来访问私有域,Employee中的getSalary方法正符合。
public double getSalary(){
double baseSalary=getSalary();
return baseSalary+bonus;
}
现在,修改过的代码运行起来仍然有问题,在于Manager类中同样有getSalary方法,因此会无限次的调用自己知道程序崩溃为止。应该使用Employee类的getSalary方法而不是Manager类。使用super关键字来调用超类的方法,包括构造器。
public double getSalary(){
double baseSalary=super.getSalary();
return baseSalary+bonus;
}
这样,就解决问题了。